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VOL. 7, ISSUE 2 (2025)
Thyroid dysfunction and fluoride exposure: Epidemiological and mechanistic insights
Authors
Dr. Manish Sharma
Abstract
Fluoride is an essential environmental element
known for its preventive role in dental caries; however, excessive exposure has
been linked to multiple systemic effects, including thyroid dysfunction. The
thyroid gland, central to metabolic regulation and development, is sensitive to
halide interference, particularly from fluoride due to its chemical similarity
to iodine. This review comprehensively evaluates current evidence on fluoride
exposure and its impact on thyroid physiology in humans. Data from
epidemiological, clinical, and experimental studies suggest that high fluoride
exposure—especially in iodine-deficient populations—can impair thyroid function
by altering hormone synthesis, secretion, and metabolism. Conversely,
populations exposed to optimally fluoridated water generally exhibit no major
adverse thyroid outcomes. Mechanistic studies indicate that fluoride may
inhibit thyroid peroxidase, interfere with iodide transport, and induce
oxidative stress, leading to hypothyroxinemia and elevated thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH) levels. The review emphasizes that iodine status, nutritional factors,
and renal efficiency are key modifiers of fluoride toxicity. Continuous
monitoring of fluoride exposure, iodine intake, and thyroid health,
particularly in vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and children, remains
critical to balancing dental benefits against potential endocrine risks.
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Pages:122-124
How to cite this article:
Dr. Manish Sharma "Thyroid dysfunction and fluoride exposure: Epidemiological and mechanistic insights". International Journal of Medical Science and Research, Vol 7, Issue 2, 2025, Pages 122-124
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